| Year 9 Periods in HistoryBy Lesley Duncan |
The Enlightenment: 1650CE – 1800CE
The 18th Century is often called the Age of Enlightenment.
- Cultural development that developed partly out of the religious conflicts of the 17th century
- The Royal Society of London (1660) 1st body to be founded for the study of science
- Wars 1730s & 40s divided Europe
- Seven Years War (1756-63) France, Austria & Russia versus Britain & Prussia
- Fredrick the Great (Prussia) 1st European ruler to advocate public education & universal religious tolerance
- Society structure remained rigid. Aristocrats, new Middle Classes and Peasantry
- New Agricultural practices: crop rotation & livestock breeding
- Voltaire (philosopher) attacks repressive nature of the Catholic Church. Lobbied to abolish serfdom & the use of torture.
- Belief in the dignity of people not as Kings but as individuals
- French Revolution (1789) Liberty, Equality & Fraternity
- Thiry Years War (1618-48) Roman Catholics versus Protestants
- Treaty of Wesphalia
- English Civil War (1648) English Puritans versus Scottish Calvinists
- Glorious Revolution 1688-89
- Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector (1653).
- 1649-1660 England without a monarchy
Colonial Era: 1500CE – 1901CE
The Age of Exploration: 1400CE – 1776CE
- 1492-1815 European navigators & explorers chartered the world’s oceans & coastlines. By 1815 most of the major island groups had been written on to the maps
- Late 15th century worlds greatest civilisations were all in Asia
- 1530 Europeans controlled the Indian Ocean and on the way to conquering the great empires of the Americas
- 1492 Columbus reaches Hispaniola & Cuba
- 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain & Portugal divide land east & west of a point in the Atlantic Ocean
- 1497-98 Vasco de Gama return voyage Portugal to India
- 1500 Pedro Alveraz Cabral discovers Brazil for Portugal
- 1502 Portugese sending African slaves to Americas
- 1508 Spanish conquest of Caribbean & Central America begins
- 1511 Portugese capture Malacca
- 1517 Martin Luther- Protestant Reformation
- 1519 Spanish Herrain Cortes starts conquest of Aztec empire
- 1521 Portugese colonise Brazil
- 1521-25 Inca empire in Peru at its height
- China: the worlds largest State in the 16th century
- 1530 Francisco Pizarro prepares to invade Inca empire
Ø Spanish showed little interest in the civilisations they found
Ø Suppressed native religions
Ø Imposed Christianity, usually by force
Ø Entire populations destroyed by epidemics of diseases introduced by Europeans
Ø Survivors: forced labour in mines & plantations
Ø Spanish believed they had a divine duty to convert native peoples to Christianity
- 1776 American Revolution
- 1517-1598 European Reformation (Roman Catholics and Protestants)
Ø Henry VIII of England Protestants
Ø Queen Elizabeth I
Ø Mary Queen of Scots Roman Catholic
Ø Charles V of Spain
Australia declared a British Colony: 1788CE
Australian Colonial Era: 1788CE - 1851CE
- At the time of European settlement of Australia large areas of the world had not been mapped
- Improvements in technology made global exploration possible and safer
- Old World of Europe rapidly making inroads into previously unexplored territories at a rapid rate
- Discovered New lands.
Ø These so-called new worlds were already inhabited by Indigenous peoples; it was their home, they had named places, they knew how to live in and travel around their territory
- European technology especially guns made it possible to add lands to their empires and profit by exploiting the resources- silks, spices, tobacco, spirits and gold
- Resources include people- slaves were a profitable business. It was cruel and terrible industry. Enormous profits- property of owners. Slaves made production of cotton and sugar very profitable. These profits created great wealth and made it possible for owners to enjoy great power and influence.
- 1000s of Africans captured and shipped across the Atlantic to plantations in America.
- Slavery was outlawed in Britain in 1834, 46years after Governor Phillip arrived in Botany Bay
The Gold Rush Era: 1851CE - 1877CE
- Discovered in 1823 (NSW), but according to British law, it was the property of the government. This law was not changed until 1851, when licence fees were introduced.
- Fear of economic damage in Victoria if workers downed tools and left for NSW in the hope of finding gold→ therefore a reward was offered for the discovery of gold within 320km of Melbourne.
- July 1851 gold discovered near Warrandyte, followed by richer discoveries at Clunes, Ballarat, Castlemaine & Bendigo.
- Discovery in Vic. Didn’t stop the mass departure of workers to NSW. Police officers, clerks, sailors, lawyers and rural workers deserted their jobs to look for gold.
- By 1852 about ½ of Victoria’s male population was at the diggings, joined by thousands from NSW and Tasmania.
- Deserted women and children faced poverty since they could no longer rely on their husband’s wages.
- Intense heat and dust in summer was followed by very cold weather and mud during winter on the diggings.
- 1000s of people became ill with dysentery and typhoid fever.
- Drinking water was polluted by panning or cradling and by the sewerage from the holes dug by the miners for toilets.
- Highly exaggerated prices for basic food led to poor diet which added to an increased risk of illness.
- 1st ½ of the 1850s 200 European & Chinese children under the age of 2 died on the Mt. Alexander diggings. Goldfield cemeteries are the last resting place of 1000s of children who lie in marked and unmarked graves.
- Many women died in childbirth and others had to cope with poor diet, disease, loneliness and trying to bring up children on the goldfields.
- Goldfields at Ballarat & Bendigo eventually became significant towns. Women were responsible for changing them into places where children could go to school, the sick could be cared for and where future generations would have better life.
- The Eureka Stockade: December 3 1854
o Factors leading to the Eureka Rebellion
§ General atmosphere of violence
§ Total opposition to the licence fees (£2 every 3mths)
§ Policing of the licence fees
- The death of a well-liked digger, James Scobie by James Bentley (hotel owner and ex-convict) and his subsequent acquittal of the crime resulted in his hotel being burnt down by the miners.
- Governor Hotham ordered Commissioner Rede to be firm and ordered in 450 more police and soldiers.
- Another licence check led to more violence ending with the diggers burning their licences and swearing allegiance to a republican flag called the Southern Cross.
o The Miners Oath: “We swear by the South Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties.”
- The (150) diggers then barricaded themselves behind a makeshift stockade. 3 days later Rede ordered an attack.
- Most of the digger’s aims were achieved. The 13 ringleaders were tried for treason and were found not guilty.
- In 1855 the licence was replaced by a miner’s right costing £1 per year. The miner’s right also entitled the miners to the right to vote.
- 5 soldiers and between 35 and 40 miners died at the battle or later from their wounds.
- Peter Lalor, one of the leaders of the rebellion later became a member of the Vic. Parliament.
- Racial Conflict:
o The discovery of gold brought a mass arrival of people from all over the world. One major group came from China. The Chinese had a key presence on the goldfields; they worked hard and created their own community. They often worked the abandoned mines of other diggers. They were resented by other miners and bore the brunt of racial prejudice.
o Buckland goldfields near Beechworth and Lambing Flats in NSW were infamous sites of diggers turning on the Chinese, chasing them off the diggings, beating them, stealing from them and even killing some of them.
Federation: 1901CE
- Background issues leading to Federation
o Racial Superiority: Australians wanted to preserve their country as a place for white people.
o Fear of the presence of European powers in the region; Germany in New Guinea, French in the New Hebrides and Russia’s fleet in the Pacific.
o Each colony had its own separate defence force- 1889 less than 1000 fulltime soldiers or sailors.
o Australian reliance on the British navy became questionable in the light of the Foreign powers in the region.
o Fears related to defence would be reduced if Australia united as one country.
o Conference at Corowa in NSW to advance the federal cause.
o Businessmen saw economic advantage with federation. Tariffs imposed on imports & exports which existed between the colonies would be removed. Free trade would lower the cost of production and open up new markets.
o People in smaller colonies fear losing power to the bigger colonies of Vic. And NSW.
o Referendum held in June 1899 and Australian people voted to create a new nation.
o Commonwealth of Australia was created on January 1 1901, with the colonies now becoming states of the new Commonwealth.
o The Australian Constitution sets out the role of the Federal and State governments.
o Sir Edmund Barton became Australia’s 1st Prime Minister (1901-1903)
The Great War: 1914CE - 1918CE
1914: Australia still very British.
Basic systems of government, education and law were based on British models.
Causes of WWI:
- Imperialism: acquisition of colonies led to conflicts with both the Indigenous populations of the colonies and between European countries competing for land and trading opportunities.
- Alliances: & treaties between countries, also divided countries into blocs.
o Triple Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, France
o Triple Entente: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Militarism: In order to protect their trade & investments, many nations introduced military conscription. Countries also built up their armies, military weapons & ships development. Having large armies was seen as a deterrent to war.
- Nationalism: 2nd half of the 19th century people with a shared cultural background, language, etc… fought to establish nations. Germany & Italy were formed by uniting separate states. Bosnia on the other hand fought to separate from the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Songs, parades and exhibitions helped celebrate these successes, but also helped promote unquestioning loyalty and fear of foreigners who might threaten the new nations.
- Assassination: of the heir to the Austrian throne; Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28 1914 was the trigger for war.
Road to War Timeline: 1914
June 29: Austria asks for German help to deal with Serbia which it blames for the assassination
July 6: Germany replies that it will stand by Austria
July 23: Austria threatens Serbia – war unless demands are met
July 24: Russia decides to help Serbia
July 25: Serbia agrees to most Austrian demands but refuses to allow Austrians into Serbia; Russia prepares to mobilise
July 28: Austria declares war on Serbia
July 29: Russia Mobilises
August 1: Germany declares war on Russia; Germany mobilises
August 3: Germany declares war on France
August 4: Germany invades Belgium as part of ‘Schlieffen Plan’, Britain declares war on Germany
By December 1914, 52 000 Australians had enlisted
Conscription: Australian Prime Minister Hughes wanted to introduce compulsory military service. He put it to a vote of the Australian people who rejected the policy on two occasions.
Major Battles/Campaigns
Gallipoli: April 25 1915 – December 1915 2000 men killed on the first day.
50 000 Australians fought at Gallipoli; 7 818 died, 19 441 were wounded. New Zealand lost 2 500 men and 5 000 wounded.
France: Ypres, Villers-Bretonneux, Fromelles, & Pozieres.
The Battle of the Somme:
July 1 1916: on the 1st day of the battle there was 60 000 Allied casualties including 20 000 deaths.
Egypt: the Australian Light Horse & Camel Brigades were stationed in Egypt; their main function was to protect the Suez Canal. In 1917 they were involved in the last great cavalry charge in history when they took Beersheba.
The United States of America entered the war in 1917.
Armistice Day: 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month 1918.
Australian losses during WWI: of the 331 781 men who served, 152 171 were wounded and 59 342 died. 52% or 1 out of every two soldiers either died or was wounded. That is the highest rate of the countries that fought to support the Empire.
Treaty of Versailles: 1919
- War Guilt clause: Germany had to accept total blame for starting the war.
- Reparations: Germany had to pay for the damages it caused during the war. £6.6 million (20 000 gold marks) was to be paid to the Allies.
- Germany’s Armed Forces: German army limited to 100 000 troops, not allowed to build submarines or armoured vehicles. Only allowed 6 battleships. It was forbidden to have an air force.
- Demilitarised Zone: no troops were allowed in the Rhineland. (area between Germany & France)
- German Territories & Colonies: Germany lost all its overseas colonies and was forbidden to unite with Austria.
League of Nations: forerunner to the United Nations. 42 countries including Australia joined. The United States did not join.
MRAZ Judy, COTTER Richard, IVES Russell, LAMONT Jo, KRONENGERG David, Study of Society & Environment 3, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, 2000.
LAMONT Jo, MRAZ Judy, EASTON Mark, SALDAIS Maggie, Humanities Alive 3, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, 2000.
LAIDLAW Ronald, Discovering Australian History to 1900, Edward Arnold, Australia, Pty., Ltd., 1990.
CALVERT Helen, HERBST Jenny, SMITH Ross, Australia and the World, MacMillan Education, Australia, Pty., Ltd., 2006.
Comments for "Year 9 Periods in History"
August, 2007
My Browser
Delicious
Digg
Reddit
Furl
StumbleUpon